Can an injunction be sought against an internet service provider (ISP) that would require them to block access not just to a website (as has become common) but rather to streaming servers giving unauthorised access to copyright content? Can such an injunction consist of a ‘live’ blocking, ie a block limited to when the relevant content is being streamed?
An application of this kind was recently and successfully made – for the first time as far as the UK is concerned. The application was submitted by the Football Association Premier League (FAPL), with the support of other rightholders, against 6 major retail ISPs: BT, EE, Plusnet, Sky, TalkTalk and Virgin.
In FAPL v BT [2017] EWHC 480 Ch Arnold J concluded that the High Court has jurisdiction to make an order of the kind sought by FAPL.
The law
Arnold J noted at the outset how the law on copyright blocking injunctions under s97A of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (CDPA), by which the UK transposed Article 8(3) of the InfoSoc Directive into its own law, “is now fairly well established.” The first such blocking injunction was granted in 2011.
The application: what has changed
As explained by the learned judge (para 10), FAPL’s blocking order sought to combat the growing problem of live Premier League footage being streamed without authorisation on the internet.
Since the decision in FAPL v Sky in 2013, things have gotten worse for rightsholders like FAPL. First, consumers are increasingly turning to set-top boxes, media players and mobile device apps to access infringing streams, rather than web browsers running on computers. The direct consequence of this is explained in paragraph 11:
Traditional blocking orders (targeting websites) will not be able to prevent the growing majority of infringements, because these devices do not rely upon access to a specific website in order to enable consumers to access infringing material. Instead, such devices can connect directly to streaming servers via their IP addresses.
Secondly, access to and use of the devices mentioned above does not present many challenges (para 12).
Thirdly, there is a significant availability of high-quality infringing streams of footage of each Premier League match (para 13).
Fourthly, paragraph 14 notes that there is evidence that a…
…significantly higher proportion of UK consumers believes that it is lawful to access unauthorised streams using such devices and software than believes that it is lawful to access unauthorised content via file-sharing websites.
Fifthly, the streaming servers used to make available infringing streams to the public have increasingly been moved to offshore hosting providers who do not cooperate with the rightsholders’ requests to take down infringing content either at all or in a timely manner (para 15).
According to Arnold J, as a result of these factors, evidence supports the view that football fans are turning to streaming devices instead of paid subscription services (para 16).
The order sought: identification of streaming servers
In light of the above, FAPL sought an order that would order the 6 named ISPs to block access to a number of streaming servers identified in different ways and according to a 2-stage process.
While one identification criterion remains confidential, Arnold J held the view that other criteria should be described for public interest reasons (para 21). These are that FAPL (and its appointed contractor):
- must reasonably believe that the server has the sole or predominant purpose of enabling or facilitating access to infringing streams of Premier League match footage; or
- must not know or have reason to believe that the server is being used for any other substantial purpose.
The order sought: what is new
In addition, the order sought by FAPL was different from previous ones for a number of reasons.
First, it is “a ‘live’ blocking order which only has effect at the times when live Premier League match footage is being broadcast” (para 24).
Secondly, the order provides for the list of target servers to be “re-set” each match week during the Premier League season (para 25).
Thirdly, the order sought would be only for a short period: 18 March 2017 – 22 May 2017 (ie until the end of the 2016/17 Premier League season).
Fourthly, in addition to the safeguards which have become standard in section 97A orders, the order would require a notice to be sent to each hosting provider each week when one of its IP addresses is subject to blocking (para 27).
The decision: communication to the public by streaming servers (and first UK application of GS Media)
While reviewing the (classic) jurisdictional requirements under s97A CDPA, Arnold J also tackled the issues of whether the operators of the target servers would make acts of communication to the public within s20 CDPA. He concluded in the affirmative for a number of interesting reasons. One of those given in paragraph 34 was that the operators…
…intervene deliberately, and in full knowledge of the consequences of their actions, to give access to the Works in circumstances where the users would not in principle be able to enjoy the Works without that intervention.
As far as I know, this is the first UK application of GS Media. Of particular interest is paragraph 37, in which Arnold J touched upon the issue of ‘profit-making intention’:
Generally speaking, the operators of the Target Servers are not merely linking to freely available sources of Premier League footage. Even if in some cases they do, the evidence indicates that they do so for profit, frequently in the form of advertising revenue, and thus are presumed to have the requisite knowledge for the communication to be to a new public.
Conclusion
This is an important order that demonstrates how technological advancement prompts a re-consideration of traditional approaches, including whether intermediary injunctions should be only aimed at blocking access to infringing websites. The answer appears to be ‘no’, and this order may pave the way to even more creative enforcement strategies in the future.
Arnold J’s decision shows how the law – including the one on blocking orders – is subject to evolution. This permits the ‘high level of protection’ provided by the InfoSoc Directive (from which s97A CDPA derives) to be actually guaranteed.
One obvious line of attack for pirates is to use servers where the rightsholders should “know or have reason to believe that the server is being used for any other substantial purpose.” In other words, the blocking is problematic when the same server is being used for multiple purposes, some of which infringe copyright but where others are legitimate. This also raises the question of who prevents the rightsholders from abusing their position by blocking servers because they willfully choose to discount ‘substantial’ purposes that do not interest them.
As far as the GS Media ‘profit-making intention’ is concerned, the view of Arnold J appears somewhat narrower (but practically not dissimilar) to that of other courts that have applied GS Media. Further applications of GS Media by UK courts are however keenly awaited.
The original version of this article was posted on the IPKat by Eleonora Rosati. It has been reproduced under a Creative Commons CC BY 2.0 UK Licence.
